As in England, throughout the 1720s, James' birthday on 10 June was marked by celebrations in Dublin, and towns like Kilkenny and Galway.

However, unlike the Stuart pretenders, none of them has claimed the British throne (or the thrones of England, Scotland or Ireland) or incorporated the arms of these countries in their coats-of-arms.

Charles spent his first two weeks in the fifteenth-century Hof van Watervliet, moving subsequently to the Huis Casselbergh (now the Grand Hotel Casselbergh, of which the ‘state of the art’ = ‘modern and hideous’ side overlooks the canal). The majority of the rank and file, as well as many Jacobite leaders, belonged to Protestant Episcopalian congregations. Both his parents urged him to join his mother in France, but he did so reluctantly only in June, and via Jersey.

Doing so threatened to re-open disputes over religion, reward those who rebelled in 1685 and undermine his own supporters. When Charles died in 1788, Irish nationalists looked for alternative liberators, among them the French First Republic, Napoleon Bonaparte and Daniel O'Connell. This almost certainly understates their numbers, for many sympathisers remained within the Church of England, but Non Jurors were disproportionately represented in Jacobite risings and riots, and provided many "martyrs". He was with Henrietta Maria at St Germain, at the expense of Louis XIV, until 1648 when the duke of Hamilton and other leaders of the Scots visited Charles I, then imprisoned in Carisbrooke Castle in the Isle of Wight, and ‘promised military aid in exchange for a temporary imposition of presbyterianism in England’ ( ODNB) (? In 1689, around 2% of clergy in the Church of England refused to take the oath of allegiance to William and Mary; one list identifies a total of 584 clergy, schoolmasters and university dons as Non Jurors.Since we are not overburdened by popular histories on Jacobitism, Seward's lively book is a welcome addition … Such ripe and partisan prose will surely warm the cockles of the handful of diehard Jacobites, as Seward describes them, still alive today. It repealed the Cromwellian land seizures, confiscated land from Williamites, and proclaimed Ireland a 'distinct kingdom from England', measures annulled after defeat in 1691. But at the same time, he was also planning to invade Ireland: this unfortunately involved an alliance with Irish Catholics, which caused him to become persona non grata with his Dutch in-laws, so he moved first back St Germain in June, and then to Jersey, with the intention of joining his allies in Ireland. This has led some historians, notably Bruce Lenman, to characterise the Jacobite risings as French-backed coup attempts by a small network drawn from the elite, though this view is not universally accepted.

Historian Frank McLynn identifies seven primary drivers in Jacobitism, noting that while the movement contained "sincere men [.

With political Jacobitism now safely confined to an "earlier era", the hitherto largely ignored site of their final defeat at Culloden began to be celebrated. Portly, lugubrious, and unable to speak a word of English, he was compared negatively to the relatively youthful and stylish James III, son of the exiled king, who had now taken up the cause.

Following the death of Henry in 1807, the Jacobite claim passed to those excluded by the 1701 Act of Settlement. In 1642, the Catholic Confederacy representing the Irish insurgents proclaimed allegiance to Charles, but the Stuarts were an unreliable ally, since concessions in Ireland cost them Protestant support in all three kingdoms. a b Terry (1901) numbers Mary, Queen of Scots, as Mary II (considering her the rightful queen after Mary I of England) whereas Petrie (1950) does not. A few Church of Ireland ministers refused to swear allegiance to the new regime and became Non-Jurors, the most famous being propagandist Charles Leslie.Symbols were commonly employed by Jacobites, given that they could not be prosecuted for their use; the most common of these was the White rose of York, adopted after 1688 for reasons now unclear. A French diplomat observed James had 'a heart too English to do anything that might vex the English. However, Gaelic scholar Breandán Ó Buachalla claims his reputation subsequently recovered as "the rightful king. It also ignored the impact of the 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau, which revoked tolerance for French Protestants and created an estimated 400,000 refugees, 40,000 of whom settled in London.