Sullivan, Winnifred Fallers (2011). "Joan's two bodies: A study in political anthropology". Social Research. 78 (2): 307–324. doi: 10.1353/sor.2011.0038. JSTOR 23347178. S2CID 140471170. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021 . Retrieved 24 December 2021. Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1972). Witchcraft in the Middle Ages. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801406973. OCLC 1151774229. DeVries, Kelly (1996). "A Woman as Leader of Men: Joan of Arc's Military Career". In Wheeler, Bonnie; Wood, Charles T. (eds.). Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc. Garland. pp.3–18. ISBN 0815336640. OCLC 847627589. Napier 2017, p. 67; see Bréhal 1456, pt I, ch. VIII (p. 104-105) : Unde, quatinus ille episcopus et alii in hoc ei faventes se a malicia manifesta contra ecclesiam romanam, aut etiam ab heresi, se debite excusare possent, non video. [How that bishop [Cauchon] and others who favored him in this respect [that is, in continuing the trial] can excuse themselves from malice toward the Roman Church, or even from heresy, I cannot see.] Spring Opera Productions". The University of Sheffield. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008.

The Trial of Jeanne d'Arc. Translated by Barrett, Wilfred Philips. Gotham House. 1932. OCLC 1314152. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. (English language translation of Joan's trial.) Sherman, Larry R.; Zimmerman, Michael R. (2008). "Ergotism and its effects on society and religion". Journal of Nutritional Immunology. 2 (3): 127–136. doi: 10.1300/J053v02n03_08. France, Anatole (1909). Jeanne d'Arc, Maid of Orleans, deliverer of France: Being the Story of her Life, her Achievements, and her Death, as Attested on Oath and Set Forth in the Original Documents. Heinemann. OCLC 862867781. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020 . Retrieved 28 August 2020– via Project Gutenberg. Saint Joan is a dialogue between the ancient and the modern worlds. We are shown Joan's posthumous rehabilitation as an example of a modern show trial, and her original court hearing as one of history's terrible state trials. "Joan was killed by the Inquisition," Shaw wrote in 1931. "The Inquisition is still with us." Perhaps he had a sense of what was soon to happen in Hitler's Germany. He believed that when a country fell too far behindhand with its political institutions you were likely to get dictatorships, and when you get dictatorships you will get secret tribunals dealing with sedition and political heresy - like the Inquisition.

Gaehtgens, Thomas (2018). Reims on Fire: War and Reconciliation Between France and Germany. Getty Research Institute. ISBN 9781606065709. OCLC 1028601667. Harrison, Brian (2002). "Aborted Infants as Martyrs: Are There Wider Implications?". In Nichols, Aidan (ed.). Abortion and Martyrdom: The Papers of the Solesmes Consultation and an Appeal to the Catholic Church. Gracewing. ISBN 9780852445433. OCLC 49989918. Boal, Barbara (2005). "The Cao Dai and the Hoa Hao". In Partridge, Christopher (ed.). Introduction to World Religions. Fortress. pp.208–209. ISBN 0800637143. OCLC 58802408.

Main article: Trial of Joan of Arc The Trial of Joan of Arc, by Louis Maurice Boutet de Monvel (1909–1910, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.) Wood, Charles (1988). Joan of Arc and Richard III: Sex, Saints, and Government in the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198021094. OCLC 519442443.The Dauphin, reassured by the results of these tests, commissioned plate armor for her. She designed her own banner and had a sword brought to her from under the altar in the church at Sainte-Catherine-de-Fierbois. [90] Around this time she began calling herself "Joan the Maiden", emphasizing her virginity as a sign of her mission. [6] At the time, France had long been torn apart by a bitter conflict with England (later known as the Hundred Years’ War), in which England had gained the upper hand. A peace treaty in 1420 disinherited the French crown prince, Charles of Valois, amid accusations of his illegitimacy, and King Henry V was made ruler of both England and France. Near Senlis, on August 14, the French and English armies again confronted each other. This time only skirmishes took place, neither side daring to start a battle, though Joan carried her standard up to the enemy’s earthworks and openly challenged them. Meanwhile Compiègne, Beauvais, Senlis, and other towns north of Paris surrendered to the king. Soon afterward, on August 28, a four months’ truce for all the territory north of the Seine was concluded with the Burgundians. Saint Joan is a play by George Bernard Shaw about 15th-century French military figure Joan of Arc. Premiering in 1923, three years after her canonization by the Roman Catholic Church, the play reflects Shaw's belief that the people involved in Joan's trial acted according to what they thought was right. He wrote in his preface to the play:

The military situation was not changed by Joan's execution. Her triumphs had raised Armagnac morale, and the English were not able to regain momentum. [264] Charles remained king of France, [265] despite a rival coronation held for the ten-year-old Henry VI of England at Notre-Dame cathedral in Paris in 1431. [266] In 1435, the Burgundians signed the Treaty of Arras, abandoning their alliance with England. [267] Twenty-two years after Joan's death, the war ended with a French victory at the Battle of Castillon in 1453, [268] and the English were expelled from all of France except Calais. [269]

Interesting Clues

In 1927, Lee de Forest filmed Sybil Thorndike in the cathedral scene from Saint Joan in a short film made in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process. Joan's firm belief in the divinity of her visions strengthened her confidence, enabled her to trust herself, [307] and gave her hope during her capture and trial. [308] Clothing Rankin, Daniel; Quintal, Claire, eds. (c. 1500). The First Biography of Joan of Arc with the Chronicle Record of a Contemporary Account (PDF). OCLC 1153286979. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2011. Main article: Rehabilitation trial of Joan of Arc Joan in the foreground, facing figures from her rehabilitation trial in the Monument Commemorating the Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, a plaster work by Émile Pinchon [ fr] (1909, Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Noyon) [f] Since then, she has become a prominent symbol as the defender of the French nation. After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, Joan became a rallying point for a new crusade to reclaim Lorraine, the province of her birth. [348] The Third Republic held a patriotic civic holiday in her honor [349] on 8 May to celebrate her victory at Orléans. [350] During World War I, her image was used to inspire victory. [351] In World War II, all sides of the French cause appealed to her legacy: [352] she was a symbol for Philippe Pétain in Vichy France, [353] a model for Charles de Gaulle's leadership of the Free French, [354] and an example for the Communist resistance. [355] More recently, her association with the monarchy and national liberation has made her a symbol for the French far right, including the monarchist movement Action Française [356] and the National Front Party. [357] Joan's image has been used by the entire spectrum of French politics, [358] and she is an important reference in political dialogue about French identity and unity. [359] Saint and heroic woman Illustration by Albert Lynch (1903, in Figaro Illustré magazine)