Sapan Saxena, Indian author, best known for his novel Finders, Keepers (Saxena novel)& UNNS-The Captivation At present, traffic on NH 44 may not present a barrier to movement of chital and wild pig as we frequently encounter chital and wild pig roadkill at present traffic volumes. Gaur and sambar, on the other hand, are more vulnerable to barrier effect through avoidance behaviour of roadside habitat that reflects a lower tolerance to traffic disturbance 39, 40. As in the aforementioned studies 8, 23, 37, the aim of the study is not to determine the actual number of mortalities, but to help determine high-risk roads, traffic compositions and species groups most vulnerable to collision and barrier effects. Our model defines a way to identify components of a road network most vulnerable to roadkill, and could be used to identify road network components requiring prioritised mitigation action. In the absence of data on animal movement near roads, the present approach using species traits and behaviour could help prioritise mitigation for species most vulnerable to collision with vehicles. The threshold traffic volume at which AVC probability was equal to probability of successful crossing ( P h = 0.5) varied for different species. Under present traffic heterogeneity, this threshold traffic for group living animals like chital, gaur and wild pig was 300–400 vehicles/h. This threshold traffic volume was higher for sambar (700 vehicles/h), and highest for tiger and leopard (1100–1300 vehicles/h). Across all simulated scenarios, traffic volumes of 200–300 vehicles/h decreased the chances of a successful crossing by half for gaur. For chital, this traffic volume lies above 400–500 vehicles/h in traffic composed of light vehicles (H 0, H 1, H 4, H 7). This threshold volume is higher for sambar (1100 vehicles/h) in traffic composed mostly of heavy vehicles (H 3, H 5, H 6). Hourly traffic volumes above 1000 vehicles/h posed a barrier to < 50% successful traverses for tiger and leopard at most traffic heterogeneity scenarios. The threshold traffic volume for solitary species was lowest (800 vehicles/h) at scenario H 3 which comprised of only MAVs. Beyond this threshold traffic volume, higher fatalities are expected to occur. We calculated AVC probability ( P h) under different scenarios of traffic heterogeneity on 2-lane and 4-lane sections of the road using Eq. ( 1). The exposure risk in seconds i.e., the time on the road for which an animal would be vulnerable to collision as a function of road width and P h was also calculated. Influence of animal activity on AVC risk

Trombulak, S. C. & Frissel, C. A. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conserv. Biol. 14, 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99084.x (2001). Kusta, T., Keken, Z., Jezek, M., Hola, M. & Smid, P. The effect of traffic intensity and animal activity on probability of ungulate-vehicle collisions in the Czech Republic. Saf. Sci. 91, 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.08.002 (2017). Majumder, A. Prey Selection, Food Habits and Population Structure of Sympatric Carnivores: Tiger Panthera tigris tigris (L.), Leopard Panthera pardus (L.) and Dhole Cuon alpinus (Pallas) in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh (India) (Saurashtra University, Rajkot, 2011).Bujoczek, M., Ciach, M. & Yosef, R. Road-kills affect avian population quality. Biol. Conserv. 144, 1036–1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.12.022 (2011). This observation is corroborated by a previous report on Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense stating that the gradual decline and fluctuations of WBC counts are reflectors of persistent underlying infections ( Ngotho et al., 2011). Champion, H. G. & Seth, S. K. A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India (Manager of Publications Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1968). Ridout, M. & Linkie, M. Estimating overlap of daily activity patterns from camera trap data. J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. 14, 322–337 (2009).

The extract prevented a drastic reduction in PCV, RBC and Hb values, features typical of the infection, malaria. This observation is supported by a report stating that anaemia is characterized by decreased values of RBC, Hb and hematocrit ( Aleksandro et al., 2009). In addition, we have also observed a decline in WBC counts in the different experimental groups of infected and treated mice when compared to experimental control mice. Table 4:At higher traffic volumes the barrier effect sets in due to continuous flow of traffic, where road crossing by animals may not occur. Thus higher traffic volumes would result in a barrier-like situation because of avoidance of animals at high traffic segments 6, 7 reducing the number of attempted crossings by wildlife. This avoidance would reflect as low roadkill counts on high traffic roads 22. Plant material: The stem bark of A. boonei was collected from the wild in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria and was identified at the Herbarium unit of the Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria. The specimen was documented and assigned voucher number 9001. The incidence of PAHs in a significant number of our day-by-day food substances represents a grave risk to humans. Human exposure to high concentrations of PAHs via food consumption may bring about injurious and harmful impacts [43]. Contaminants in food have been accounted for by numerous researchers and every one of the potential contaminants can be connected to an assortment of harmful impacts. Every adverse effect observed relies upon various components, like exposure intensity, rate or frequency, duration, route and dose, and/or concentration; subtleties of the individual like age and health status [44], [45], [46]. Most PAHs are capable of causing cancer that accounts for the significant effect of the risk characterizations. However, it is often hard to attribute a given health effect in epidemiological studies to a particular PAH compound since PAHs exist as a mixture of different PAH compounds [47]. In general, the higher molecular weight PAHs are more hydrophobic, toxic and recalcitrant [48]. We demonstrated the applicability of the traversability model to determine species-specific AVC probabilities and AVC risk across different traffic heterogeneity and traffic volume scenarios. We found that slow moving animals and animals with large group sizes were at higher risk of AVC as a consequence of greater time required to traverse roads. Further, AVC probability is expected to be greater on wider roads, particularly high traffic roads with predominantly heavy vehicles.

A. boonei De Wild (Apocyanaceae) is a medicinal plant used extensively in West and Central Africa for the treatment of malaria, fever, intestinal helminths, rheumatism, hypertension ( Terashima, 2003; Betti, 2004; Abel and Busia, 2005). Human risk assessment has been investigated to find out the potential hazard resulting from human exposure to poisonous substances present in various foodstuffs and environmental matrices. These investigations are generally used to help with meeting guidelines like those specified by administrative bodies like WHO and numerous others [42]. The major point of human risk evaluation is, to ensure the protection of consumers against the impacts of poisons in water or foods. Thus, it is important to guarantee that contaminants of interest in food or water don’t surpass the normal daily intake. Johnsingh, A. J. T. & Manjrekar, N. (eds) Mammals of South Asia (Universities Press, Hyderabad, 2015). Dyer, S. J., O’Neill, J. P., Wasel, S. M. & Boutin, S. Quantifying barrier effects of roads and seismic lines on movement of female woodland caribou in northeastern Alberta. Can. J. Zool. 80, 839–845 (2002). Jaarsma, C. F., van Langevelde, F., Baveco, J. M., van Eupen, M. & Arisz, J. Model for rural transportation planning considering simulating mobility and traffic kills in the badger Meles meles. Ecol. Inform. 2, 73–82 (2007).Seiler, A. Predicting locations of moose-vehicle collisions in Sweden. J. Appl. Ecol. 42, 371–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01013.x (2005). Saxena is an Indian surname primarily found in northern and Central India. Kayastha in origin, it derives from the Sanskrit word sakhisena meaning “friend of the army”. [1] Notables [ edit ] PN Saxena (1925-1999), Indian academic and founder Chairman of the Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College

Arasan, V. T. & Koshy, R. Z. Headway distribution of heterogeneous traffic on urban arterials. J. Inst. Eng. (India) 84, 210–215 (2003). Velmurugan, S., Errampalli, M., Ravinder, K., Sitaramanjaneyulu, K. & Gangopadhyay, S. Critical evaluation of roadway capacity of multi-lane high speed corridors under heterogeneous traffic conditions through traditional and microscopic simulation models. Journal of Indian Roads Congress (October–December 2010) 235–264 (2010). accessed 23 Mar 2019; https://www.crridom.gov.in/ Langevelde, F. & Jaarsma, C. F. Using traffic flow theory to model traffic mortality in mammals. Landsc. Ecol. 19, 895–907 (2004). Rajan Saxena, Indian management academic and the Vice-Chancellor of the SVKM's NMIM deemed university in MumbaiMalaria is endemic in at least 87 countries, notably in a greater part of sub-Saharan Africa and large areas of Latin America, South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific, currently inhabited by at least 40% of the world’s population, placing 2.5 billion people at risk ( Guerra et al., 2008; Hay and Snow, 2006). Clarke, G. P., White, P. C. L. & Harris, S. Effects of roads on badger Meles meles populations in south-west England. Biol. Conserv. 86, 117–124 (1998). Jaarsma, C. F., van Langevelde, F. & Botma, H. Flattened fauna and mitigation: traffic victims related to road, traffic, vehicle, and species characteristics. Transp. Res. Part D 11, 264–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2006.05.001 (2006). It has become clear that the pineal gland is necessary for the regulation of photoperiodic responses and that pineal melatonin may be responsible for transmitting daylength information ( Hoffmann, 1981b; Goldman, 1983; Hoffmann, 1985; Masson-Pevet et al., 1986). Evening injections of aMT and MT significantly reduced testes weight and tubule diameter of SO and Px animals maintained under NDL, LP and SP ( Fig 1, Table 2). Morning injections, under all conditions, were without any significant effect on the testes ( Fig. 2, Table 3).