Shoshani, J.; Shoshani, S. L. "What Is an Elephant?". Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild. pp.14–15. Smith, K. H. "The Elephant Domestication Centre of Africa". Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild. pp.152–154. An army sent by Kaleb to subdue Abraha decided instead to join his ranks and killed the commander (this is perhaps a reference to 'Ariat) and a second army was defeated. After this Kaleb had to accord Abraha de facto recognition before Abraha earned more formal recognition under Kaleb's successor in return for a nominal tribute. Ryan, F. (26 September 2015). "China and US agree on ivory ban in bid to end illegal trade globally". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 . Retrieved 12 October 2015.

Al-Fil ( Arabic: الفيل, "The Elephant") is the 105th chapter ( surah) of the Quran. It is a Meccan sura consisting of 5 verses. The surah is written in the interrogative form. The next day, as they prepared for battle, they discovered that their elephant (called Mahmud) refused to approach Mecca. Even worse, birds came from the sea, each of which brought three small stones, which they dropped on the soldiers of Abraha. Everyone hit by these stones was killed. Abraha was hit repeatedly and slowly dismembered. By the time he reached Sanaa, he was nothing but a miserable stump of a body. His heart burst from his chest, and he died. So the year of the War of the Elephant was a year of death. But it was also a year of life, for in that same year Muhammad was born. [14] Schulz, A. K.; Boyle, M; Boyle, C; Sordilla, S; Rincon, C; Hooper, K; Aubuchon, C; Reidenberg, J. S.; Higgins, C; Hu, D. L. (2022). "Skin wrinkles and folds enable asymmetric stretch in the elephant trunk". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (31): e2122563119. Bibcode: 2022PNAS..11922563S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2122563119. PMC 9351381. PMID 35858384. Bist, S. S.; Cheeran, J. V.; Choudhury, S.; Barua, P.; Misra, M. K. "The domesticated Asian elephant in India". Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 25 December 2012.a b c d e f Williams, C.; etal. (2020). " Elephas maximus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 . Retrieved 3 June 2020. Siegel, J. M. (2005). "Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep". Nature. 437 (7063): 1264–1271. Bibcode: 2005Natur.437.1264S. doi: 10.1038/nature04285. PMC 8760626. PMID 16251951. S2CID 234089. Harris, M.; Sherwin, C.; Harris, S. (10 November 2008). "Defra Final Report on Elephant Welfare" (PDF). University of Bristol. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2014 . Retrieved 16 November 2011. On his way north, Abraha is said to have passed through the settlements of various tribes from which he took prisoners who were forced to act as his guides. Abraha's army is reported to have eventually crossed through Taif, where the Banu Thaqif provided a guide named Abū Righāl to accompany him. As they approached al-Mughammas, a short distance from Mecca, Abū Righāl unfortunately died and was laid to rest there. It has become a tradition among the local Arabs to throw stones at his grave ever since. Esposito, John L. (1995). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World: Libe-Sare. Oxford University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0195096149.

Elephant Life Cycle – Adolescence". ElephantsForever.co.za. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014 . Retrieved 21 June 2014. Abraha's elephant is supposed to have refused to cross the boundary of Mecca and sat down. It could not be persuaded otherwise, either by reason or violence. The accounts state that if the elephant was turned towards Syria or Yemen it would walk without hesitation, but when it was turned towards the Kaaba it would kneel on its knees as if it would adore the city that its master was intent on destroying [ verification needed].

Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-10-23 . Retrieved 2015-12-07. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link) Cole, M. (14 November 1992). "Lead in lake blamed for floppy trunks". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 . Retrieved 25 June 2009. Approaches to the Asian Classics, Irene Bloom, Wm Theodore de Bary, Columbia University Press, 1990, p. 65 ISBN 0-231-07005-5, 9780231070058

Romano, Marco; Manucci, Fabio; Palombo, Maria Rita (4 March 2021). "The smallest of the largest: new volumetric body mass estimate and in-vivo restoration of the dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon ex gr. P. falconeri from Spinagallo Cave (Sicily)". Historical Biology. 33 (3): 340–353. doi: 10.1080/08912963.2019.1617289. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 181855906. Rogers, Rebekah L.; Slatkin, Montgomery (2 March 2017). Barsh, Gregory S. (ed.). "Excess of genomic defects in a woolly mammoth on Wrangel island". PLOS Genetics. 13 (3): e1006601. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006601. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5333797. PMID 28253255.Drunk elephants kill six people". BBC News. 17 December 2002. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2007. Abdul Nasir Jangda - Tafsir lectures - Bayyinah Institute, 2300 Valley View ln. Suite 500 Irving, TX 75062