Africa's Naked Tribe.: Life and Times of Naturist, Beau Brummell.

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While the upper classes had turned clothing into fashion, those who could not afford otherwise continued to swim or bathe openly in natural bodies of water or frequent communal baths through the 19th century. Acceptance of public nudity re-emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Philosophically based movements, particularly in Germany, opposed the rise of industrialization. Freikörperkultur ('free body culture') represented a return to nature and the elimination of shame. In the 1960s naturism moved from being a small subculture to part of a general rejection of restrictions on the body. Women reasserted the right to uncover their breasts in public, which had been the norm until the 17th century. The trend continued in much of Europe, with the establishment of many clothing-optional areas in parks and on beaches. Siegelbaum, Lewis H. (1992). Soviet State and Society Between Revolutions, 1918-1929. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36987-9. Vincent, Susan (2013). "From the Cradle to the Grave: Clothing and the early modern body". In Sarah Toulalan & Kate Fisher (ed.). The Routledge History of Sex and the Body: 1500 to the Present. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47237-1. Kyle, Donald G. (2014). Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World. Ancient Cultures; v.4 (2nded.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-118-61380-1. Bahrani, Zainab (1993). "The Iconography of the Nude in Mesopotamia". Source: Notes in the History of Art. 12 (2): 12–19. doi: 10.1086/sou.12.2.23202931. ISSN 0737-4453. S2CID 193110588 . Retrieved 25 September 2022.

Stanton, Martin (1983). "Sea Bathing at Margate". History Today. 33 (7): 21–25. ISSN 0018-2753. PMID 11620189. Hansen, Karen Tranberg (2004). "The World in Dress: Anthropological Perspectives on Clothing, Fashion, and Culture". Annual Review of Anthropology. 33: 369–392. doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143805. ISSN 0084-6570. ProQuest 199841144. Until the beginning of the eighth century, Christians were baptized naked to represent that they emerged from baptism without sin. The disappearance of nude baptism in the Carolingian era marked the beginning of the sexualization of the body by Christians that had previously been associated with paganism. [83] Virgin and Child (c. 1530) by Jan Gossaert: The exposed breast as symbolic of motherhood. Roth, Ann Macy (2021). "Father Earth, Mother Sky: Ancient Egyptian Beliefs About Conception and Fertility". Reading the Body: Representation and Remains in the Archaeological Record. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp.187–201. ISBN 9780812235210. JSTOR j.ctv512z16.19. Modern History Sourcebook: Women Miners in English Coal Pits". Fordham University . Retrieved 9 November 2019.

Rogers, Elizabeth Lindsey (22 September 2017). "Public Swim". Prairie Schooner. 91 (3): 104–121. ISSN 0032-6682. Gale A508103390. Another Japanese tradition was the women free-divers ( ama, 海女) who for 2,000 years until the 1960s collected seaweed and shellfish nude or wearing only loincloths. [116] Women farmers often worked bare-breasted during the summer [117] while other workers might be nude. [116] Europe [ edit ] Medal for the 1920 Summer Olympics references the nudity of athletes in the ancient Olympics In much of Asia, traditional dress covers the entire body, similar to Western dress. [76] In stories written in China as early as the 4th Century BCE, nudity is presented as an affront to human dignity, reflecting the belief that "humanness" in Chinese society is not innate, but earned by correct behavior. However, nakedness could also be used by an individual to express contempt for others in their presence. In other stories, the nudity of women, emanating the power of yin, could nullify the yang of aggressive forces. [77] Late antiquity [ edit ]

Both hippies or other participants in the counterculture of the 1960s embraced nudity as part of their daily routine and to emphasize their rejection of anything artificial. Communes sometimes practiced naturism, bringing unwanted attention from disapproving neighbors. [141] In 1974, an article in The New York Times noted an increase in American tolerance for nudity, both at home and in public, approaching that of Europe. However, some traditional nudists at the time decried the trend as encouraging sexual exhibitionism and voyeurism and threatening the viability of private nudist clubs. [142] In 1998, American attitudes toward sexuality had continued to become more liberal than in prior decades, but the reaction to total nudity in public was generally negative. [143] However, some elements of the counterculture, including nudity, continued with events such as Burning Man. [144]Duby, Georges; Veyne, Paul, eds. (1988). Revelations of the Medieval World. A History of Private Life. Vol.II. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-39976-5. Lindsay, James E. (2005). Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World. Daily Life through History. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.