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In the last years of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th, the escalation in the building of battleships became an arms race between Britain and Germany. The German naval laws of 1890 and 1898 authorized a fleet of 38 battleships, a vital threat to the balance of naval power. [2] Britain answered with further shipbuilding, but by the end of the pre-dreadnought era, British supremacy at sea had markedly weakened. In 1883, the United Kingdom had 38 battleships, twice as many as France and almost as many as the rest of the world put together. In 1897, Britain's lead was far smaller due to competition from France, Germany, and Russia, as well as the development of pre-dreadnought fleets in Italy, the United States and Japan. [31] The Ottoman Empire, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Chile and Brazil all had second-rate fleets led by armored cruisers, coastal defence ships or monitors. [32] The latter treaty had stipulated that warship guns could be no larger than 14-inches, however, a provision allowed signatory countries of the Second London Treaty – which including the United States, the United Kingdom, and France – to raise the limit to 16-inches if Japan or Italy failed to sign on. When Japan formally rejected the 14-inch limited in March 1937, an “escalator clause” was invoked, which allowed the North Carolina-class to have its guns increased to 16-inches. Technical development continued rapidly through the dreadnought era, with steep changes in armament, armor and propulsion. Ten years after Dreadnought 's commissioning, much more powerful ships, the super-dreadnoughts, were being built.

Gray, Randal (1985). Gardiner, Robert (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Naval Institute Press. p. 439. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8. As part of Navy Secretary John F. Lehman's effort to build a 600-ship Navy in the 1980s, and in response to the commissioning of Kirov by the Soviet Union, the United States recommissioned all four Iowa-class battleships. On several occasions, battleships were support ships in carrier battle groups, or led their own battleship battle group. These were modernized to carry Tomahawk (TLAM) missiles, with New Jersey seeing action bombarding Lebanon in 1983 and 1984, while Missouri and Wisconsin fired their 16-inch (406mm) guns at land targets and launched missiles during Operation Desert Storm in 1991. Wisconsin served as the TLAM strike commander for the Persian Gulf, directing the sequence of launches that marked the opening of Desert Storm, firing a total of 24 TLAMs during the first two days of the campaign. The primary threat to the battleships were Iraqi shore-based surface-to-surface missiles; Missouri was targeted by two Iraqi Silkworm missiles, with one missing and another being intercepted by the British destroyer HMS Gloucester. [90] End of the battleship era [ edit ] The American Texas (1912) is the only preserved example of a Dreadnought-type battleship that dates to the time of the original HMS Dreadnought. Preston, Antony (Foreword) (1989). Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. London, UK: Random House Ltd. p.320. ISBN 978-1-85170-494-1. The Oregon in her element" (PDF). The New York Times. 26 October 1893 . Retrieved 28 September 2010. Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1987). The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-486-25509-5.Strategy and doctrine [ edit ] Doctrine [ edit ] USS Iowa fires a full broadside of her nine 16″/50 and six 5″/38 guns during a target exercise.

Burgess; Heilbrun, Edwin; Margaret (January 11, 2013). "Dreadnaught: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War". Library Journal. 138 (18): 53 . Retrieved October 23, 2015. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) United States Navy: decommissioned its last battleship USS Missouri in 1992. She was the last active battleship of any navy. Hastened to completion Le Napoleon was launched on May 16, 1850, to become the world's first true steam battleship", Steam, Steel and Shellfire, Conway's History of the Ship, p. 39. As early as 1914, the British Admiral Percy Scott predicted that battleships would soon be made irrelevant by aircraft. [60] By the end of World War I, aircraft had successfully adopted the torpedo as a weapon. [61] In 1921 the Italian general and air theorist Giulio Douhet completed a hugely influential treatise on strategic bombing titled The Command of the Air, which foresaw the dominance of air power over naval units.

The Naval Treaties of the 1920s and 1930s limited the number of battleships, though technical innovation in battleship design continued. Both the Allied and Axis powers built battleships during World War II, though the increasing importance of the aircraft carrier meant that the battleship played a less important role than had been expected in that conflict. The Washington Treaty of 1922, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, was actually meant to prevent an arms race by limiting naval construction. It limited the construction of battleships, battlecruisers, and aircraft carriers. The subsequent London Treaties of 1930 and 1936 also were originally written to forbid the construction of large battleships – those that displaced over 35,000 tons. Admiral Vittorio Cuniberti, the Italian Navy's chief naval architect, articulated the concept of an all-big-gun battleship in 1903. When the Regia Marina did not pursue his ideas, Cuniberti wrote an article in Jane 's proposing an "ideal" future British battleship, a large armored warship of 17,000tons, armed solely with a single calibre main battery (twelve 12-inch [305mm] guns), carrying 300-millimetre (12in) belt armor, and capable of 24 knots (44km/h). [36] Evans, Mark L. (20 April 2016). "Iowa II (Battleship No. 4) 1897–1923". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 10 March 2019.

Illustration of Japanese ships commencing the bombardment of Port Arthur at the outset of the Russo-Japanese War, February 8–9, 1904. (more) Breyer, Siegfried (1973). Battleships and Battlecruisers of the world, 1905–1970. London: Macdonald/Jane's. ISBN 978-0-356-04191-9. Brown, D. K. (2003). Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905. Book Sales. ISBN 978-1-84067-529-0. Corbett (2015) Vol. II, pp. 332, 333, "So was consummated perhaps the most decisive and complete naval victory in history"

Royal Yugoslav Navy: its only battleship, KB Jugoslavija, was sunk by Italian frogmen during the 1918 Raid on Pula.