Anglo, Sydney. "Ill of the dead. The posthumous reputation of Henry VII," Renaissance Studies 1 (1987): 27–47. online Robert Tittler; Norman Jones (2008). A Companion to Tudor Britain. John Wiley & Sons. p.187. ISBN 978-1405137409.

Prior, Roger. "A second Jewish community in Tudor London". Jewish Historical Studies. Jewish Historical Society of England. 31, 1988–1990: 137–152. JSTOR 29779868. Elizabeth's final two decades saw mounting problems that were left for the Stuarts to solve after 1603. John Cramsie, in reviewing the recent scholarship in 2003, argues: Sara Nair James, "Cardinal Wolsey: The English Cardinal Italianate", in Christopher Cobb, ed. (2009). Renaissance Papers 2008. Camden House. p.1. ISBN 978-1571133977.

Find out about the decapitated heads of criminals that were displayed on London Bridge

Source: Keith Johnston, The Half-Crown Atlas of British History (Edinburgh, Scotland: W. & A. K. Johnston, 1871) 12 Following his father’s death, Henry VIII became King of England in 1509 and ruled until his death in 1547. Today one of England’s most famous historical figures, Henry VIII is well known for his six marriages – and for having two of his wives beheaded! David Loades, "Dudley, John, duke of Northumberland (1504–1553)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2008). Retrieved 8 August 2017.

John Morrill (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart Britain (1995) chapters 5 to 10.General Description of England and Ireland' by Laurence Nowell c.1564. The artist is in the lower left hand corner and his patron, Sir William Cecil is in the right corner. Original map size: 21.2 X 30.9 cm

The first Tudor monarch was King Henry VII who claimed the throne when his forces defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. He ruled until his death in 1509. Although Tudor London was much smaller than today’s capital, it was the largest city in England and one of the biggest in Europe. At the beginning of the 16th century about 50,000 people lived in London but by the end of the century that number had risen to around 200,000.

Find out about Tudor street repairs in Holborn

McLaren, Anne N. Political Culture in the Reign of Elizabeth I: queen and commonwealth 1558–1585 (Cambridge University Press, 1999). Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–1587) was a devout Catholic and next in line for the throne of England after Elizabeth. Her status became a major domestic and international issue for England. [58] especially after the death of King James IV at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. The upshot was years of struggle for control of the throne, nominally held by the infant King James V (1512–1542, r. 1513–42), until he came of age in 1528. Owen Tudor was one of the bodyguards for the queen dowager Catherine of Valois, whose husband, Henry V, had died in 1422. Evidence suggests that the two were secretly married in 1428. Two sons born of the marriage, Edmund and Jasper, were among the most loyal supporters of the House of Lancaster in its struggle against the House of York. Water Bodies:—English Channel, Strait of Dover, Irish Sea, Bristol Channel, St. Georges Channel, The Wash One of the main concerns of Henry VII during his reign was the re-accumulation of the funds in the royal treasury. England had never been one of the wealthier European countries, and after the Wars of the Roses this was even more true. Through his strict monetary strategy, he was able to leave a considerable amount of money in the Treasury for his son and successor, Henry VIII. Although it is debated whether Henry VII was a great king, he certainly was a successful one if only because he restored the nation's finances, strengthened the judicial system and successfully denied all other claimants to the throne, thus further securing it for his heir. [13] Henry VIII [ edit ] Catherine of Aragon: the Church of England annulled her marriage after she failed to produce a male heir to the Tudor dynasty

Almost all well-educated people wrote poetry, but notable poets who lived in London include Philip Sidney, who wrote Arcadia, Astrophel and Stella, and A Defence of Poesy; Edmund Spenser, who wrote The Shepheardes Calender and The Faerie Queene; and William Shakespeare. [143] In 1566, Isabella Whitney, a servant in London who teaches herself to write, becomes the first English woman to publish a book of verse. [144] A performance in progress at The Swan theatre, drawn by Johannes de Witt in 1596. Bucholz, Robert, and Newton Key. Early modern England 1485–1714: A narrative history (2009); University textbook Place Names: United Kingdom, London, Falmouth, Plymouth, River Thames, Firth of Forth, Irish Sea, German Ocean, English Channel, Strait of Dover, The Wash, Isle of Man, York, Cornwall, Kings Lynn, River Thames, Channel Islands, Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Liver The main officials of the local government operated at the county level (also called "shire") were the sheriff and the Lord Lieutenant. [71] The power of the sheriff had declined since medieval days, but the position was still very prestigious. A sheriff was appointed for a one-year term, with no renewal, by the Privy Council. He was paid many small fees, but they probably did not meet the sheriff's expenses in terms of hospitality and hiring his under-sheriffs and bailiffs. The sheriff held court every month to deal with civil and criminal cases. He supervised elections, ran the local jail and meted out punishments. His subordinates provided staffing for the county's justices of the peace. a b c Addison, William Wilkinson (1953). English Fairs and Markets. London: B.T. Batsford. pp.50–52. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year ( link)Bland, A. E., P. A. Brown and R. H. Tawney (eds). English economic history: select documents (1919). online 733pp; covers 1086 to 1840s. the period 1585–1603 is now recognised by scholars as distinctly more troubled than the first half of Elizabeth's long reign. Costly wars against Spain and the Irish, involvement in the Netherlands, socio-economic distress, and an authoritarian turn by the regime all cast a pall over Gloriana's final years, underpinning a weariness with the queen's rule and open criticism of her government and its failures. [63] Most Londoners married in their early or mid-twenties. Families who lived around Cheapside had four children on average, but in the poorer area of Clerkenwell, the average was only two and a half. [48] It is estimated that half of all children did not reach the age of 15. [48] The average height for male Londoners was 5'7½" (172 cm) and the average height for female Londoners was 5'2¼" (158cm). [49] Plague hit so badly in 1563 in London that the local authorities began to compile death statistics for the first time in the Bills of Mortality. In that year, 20,372 were recorded dead in London across the whole year, 17,404 of whom died of the plague. Some years were much less dangerous: in 1582, only 6,930 deaths were recorded, of which 3,075 were from the plague, but in 1603 the total was 40,040, of which 32,257 died of the plague. [50] The Moroccan ambassador Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud, depicted by an unknown painter in the year of his visit to London Henry VII (a descendant of Edward III, and the son of Edmund Tudor, a half-brother of Henry VI) succeeded in presenting himself as a candidate not only for traditional Lancastrian supporters, but also for discontented supporters of their rival Plantagenet cadet House of York, and he took the throne by right of conquest. Following his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485), he reinforced his position in 1486 by fulfilling his 1483 vow to marry Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV and the heiress of the Yorkist claim to the throne, thus symbolically uniting the former warring factions of Lancaster and York under the new dynasty (represented by the Tudor rose). The Tudors extended their power beyond modern England, achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542 ( Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542), and successfully asserting English authority over the Kingdom of Ireland (proclaimed by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542). They also maintained the nominal English claim to the Kingdom of France; although none of them made substance of it, Henry VIII fought wars with France primarily as a matter of international alliances but also asserting claim to the title. After him, his daughter Mary I lost control of all territory in France permanently with the Siege of Calais in 1558.