Queer China: Lesbian and Gay Literature and Visual Culture under Postsocialism (Literary Cultures of the Global South)

Product Information

Territory controlled by the People's Republic of China shown in dark green; territory claimed but not controlled shown in light green Still in practice [23] [157] [66] — with some legal precedent against forced conversion therapy) [170] [171] The image is of two men embracing one another; the face of one is somewhat hoary with age, the other tender and pale. [Their temple] is commonly called the small official temple. All those debauched and shameless rascals who on seeing youths or young men desire to have illicit intercourse with them pray for assistance from the plaster idol. Then they make plans to entice and obtain the objects of their desire. This is known as the secret assistance of Hu Tianbao. Afterwards they smear the idol's mouth with pork intestine and sugar in thanks. [38]

Policy issues concerning sexual orientation in China, Canada, and the United States" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 29 April 2017. The Chinese Government requires parents adopting children from China to be in heterosexual marriages. [54] Adoption of Chinese children by foreign same-sex couples and homosexual individuals is prohibited by the Chinese authorities. [55] Discrimination protections [ edit ]Lilian Lin and Chang Chen, China's Censors Take Another Gay-Themed Web Drama Offline in ChinaRealTime (China blog of The Wall Street Journal), 24 February 2016

Scholars explain that the CCP directly controls the nature of LGBT activism in China through strict government regulation of civil sector organisations. In general, the CCP requires Non-Governmental Organisations’ (NGOs) compatibility with China’s overall policy goals. [133] Timothy Hildebrandt, associate professor at the LSE contends that this means activism in China is successful “only insofar as their activities complement government interests”. [133] Therefore, LGBT activist groups tend to work on issues that are non-politically charged and serve the wider community, such as HIV and AIDS prevention, to receive the most funding and “political space”. In turn, organisations that adopt overtly political stances or mobilise the LGBT community are less likely to survive in China. [133] In 2020, a court in Beijing said that a transgender woman was covered by anti-discrimination protections pertaining to sex, and her employer was obligated to treat her as female, because she had legally transitioned. [65] Except in unusual cases, such as Emperor Ai, the men named for their homosexual relationships in the official histories appear to have had active heterosexual lives as well. It is, in fact, impossible to know the full sexuality of any historical figures from most of Chinese history, unless they are indicated to be bisexual, since only affairs which were considered out of the ordinary were documented. Neither heterosexuality nor homosexuality were considered out of the ordinary for most of that history, so the fact that only one of the two was documented cannot rule out the other. [13] Power, Shannon (24 August 2018). "Woman sues Hong Kong government for not allowing same-sex civil partnerships". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019 . Retrieved 22 September 2018.Groffman, Nicolas (2017-05-15). "Army life: more gay-friendly in China than the West?". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2017-05-16 . Retrieved 2021-03-07.

Shilts, Randy (1993). "Conduct Unbecoming: Lesbians and Gays in the U. S. Military Vietnam to the Persian Gulf" . Retrieved June 28, 2023. Jiang, Ben Westcott,Steven (2021-07-09). "China's LGBTQ community is fading from rainbow to gray". CNN . Retrieved 2023-11-26. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) Yang, Caini (8 November 2022). "China's Plan to Ban Online Sale of Hormone Drugs Worries Trans Women". Sixth Tone . Retrieved 9 January 2023. Despite reports of harassment and discrimination, a liberalization trend was gradually taking place in the 1980s through to the early 2000s (decade). This process is intricately tied to Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms in the 1970s, such as the Open Door Policy in 1978, and the self-identified quality of "Opening Up" ( kaifang) embraced during this period of reform. [51]The Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China ( Chinese: 中华 人民 共 和 国 婚姻 法, pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Hūnyīn Fǎ), adopted at the third session of the Fifth National People's Congress on September 10, 1980, defines marriage as a union between a man and a woman. [32] [33] A 2016 survey from the Beijing LGBT Center found only 5% of those who identified as LGBT had come out to everyone in their lives. [152] Sexual Minorities: Their Treatment Across the World". Xpats.io. January 11, 2010 . Retrieved November 7, 2021.

translives.net (in Chinese). 8 November 2018. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019 . Retrieved 7 March 2019. Human Rights Report: China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)". U.S. State Department. Archived from the original on 2018-04-22. Xi'an police detained nine members of the gay advocacy group Speak Out hours before the conference it was hosting was slated to start. Still, Chinese homosexuals did not experience persecution which would compare to that experienced by homosexuals in Christian Europe during the Middle Ages, and in some areas, same sex love was particularly appreciated. There was a stereotype in the late Ming dynasty that the province of Fujian was the only place where homosexuality was prominent, [33] but Xie Zhaozhe (1567–1624) wrote that "from Jiangnan and Zhejiang to Beijing and Shanxi, there is none that does not know of this fondness." [33] European Jesuit missionaries such as Matteo Ricci took note of what they deemed "unnatural perversions", distressed over its often open and public nature. [34] Historian Timothy Brook writes that abhorrence of sexual norms went both ways, since "the celibate Jesuits were rich food for sexual speculation among the Chinese." [34] According to a survey conducted by Peking University, Chinese trans female students face strong discrimination in many areas of education. [69] Sex segregation is found everywhere in Chinese schools and universities: student enrollment (for some special schools, universities and majors), appearance standards ( hairstyles and uniforms included), private spaces (bathrooms, toilets and dormitories included), physical examinations, military trainings, conscription, PE classes and exams and physical health tests. Chinese students are required to attend all the activities according to their legal gender marker. It is also difficult to change the gender information of educational attainments and academic degrees in China, even after sex reassignment surgery, which results in discrimination against well-educated trans women. [70] [71]some gay themes in media — including social media — are censored) [159] [66] [157] [160] [161] [162] In 1997, the Chinese criminal code was revised to eliminate the vague crime of "hooliganism", which had been used as a de facto ban on private, adult, non-commercial and consensual homosexual conduct. [55] In February 2016, the popular Chinese gay web series Addicted (Heroin) was banned from being broadcast online 12 episodes into a 15-episode season. Makers of the series uploaded the remaining episodes on YouTube instead. [98] With the rise of the Tang dynasty, China became increasingly influenced by the sexual mores of foreigners from Western and Central Asia, and female companions began to accumulate the political power previously accumulated by male companions at the imperial court. [23] At the same time, the actual power of the imperial court was in decline relative to intermediate rule by scholar-bureaucrats. The first negative term for homosexuality in Chinese- 'jijian', connoting illicit sexuality- appears at this time. [24] Ho, Pang-Chieh. (5 April 2018). Gay romance 'Call Me By Your Name' pulled from Beijing International Film Festival. SupChina. Beijing,