Monsters and Monarchs: Serial Killers in Classical Myth and History

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In both the François Ravaillac and the Damiens cases, court papers refer to the offenders as a patricide, rather than as regicide, which lets one deduce that, through divine right, the king was also regarded as "Father of the country". When Louis nearly died in an accident in 817, he decided to ensure that, should he suddenly expire, there would be a neat plan of succession to set out who ruled what in the Frankish empire. He confirmed that his nephew Bernard would remain the king of Italy, but the will described his son Lothair’s position as ‘overlord’, implying that Italy would be submissive to him. Needless to say, the wording of this document did not please Bernard and, spurred on by rumours that Lothair was to invade, he set about preparing a rebellion. The most remarkable and ruthless woman of the sixth century started life as a slave in the court of the Frankish king Chilperic. Her name was Fredegund, and she soon caught the eye of the king. But Fredegund was unwilling to remain a mistress, and Queen Galswintha was soon strangled, with Fredegund replacing her as Chilperic’s wife. Anyone who has read any crime fiction set in ancient Greece or Rome, such as Lindsey Davis’ Marcus Didius Falco series and its companion Flavia Albia series, or Steven Saylor’s Roma Sub Rosa series, for example, will be familiar with the concept of serial killers operating in ancient settings, whether the plots are based on historical figures and events, or entirely fictitious. But is there any actual evidence for the presence of serial killers in ancient Greece and/or Rome? Before the Tudor period, English kings had been murdered while imprisoned (for example Edward II and Edward V) or killed in battle by their subjects (for example Richard III), but none of these deaths are usually referred to as regicide.

Simply broadcasting or discussing an opinion against the paranoid king could put even the most influential of citizens, including nobility in the Tower of London. Worse fates were to await those who he believed were against him; for if someone dared to be against Henry, they were also against God. Such an offence was dealt with by the relatively humane swift swing of the axe. But for those accused of heresy, witchcraft and treason a far worse fate was in store for condemned victims through the barbaric acts of being burned at the stake or hanged, drawn and quartered. It is interesting to note that members of aristocracy and gentry could not be legally tortured unlike commoners.Oberhauser, K. (2012). "Tachinid flies and monarch butterflies: citizen scientists document parasitism patterns over broad spatial and temporal scales". American Entomologist, 58 (1). Nearly the entire monarch population was crammed into this spot and a few forests close by—just about 18 precious hectares in total. Scientists who study the butterfly knew about the location, but this was the first time Oberhauser had been to it. One freak storm or an illegal logging operation, she thought, could wipe the place out. “It made me realize how incredibly vulnerable they are,” she recalls. Virtually everyone agrees that overall, despite spikes and dips from one year to the next, the winter population in Mexico has been heading down for most of the past three decades. That is not good news for the monarchs. What to do about it, though, depends on the cause. Oberhauser and her allies still contend that milkweed loss is enemy number one. But the other evidence adds confusing and complex twists to what once seemed like a straightforward story with a ready-made villain. That means helping the insects has become more complicated, too. North by South

George and Anne were close and affectionate to each other unlike the Queen’s relationship with her sister Mary (former mistress of Henry VIII) which was strained. There is evidence to suggest that George, who became Viscount Rochford and rose to a high position in the court, may have been betrayed by his wife, Jane Parker (sister-in-law to Anne) who contributed testimonies to the trial of Anne, alleging intimate indiscretions with George. Based on their Iowa data, Pleasants and Oberhauser estimated that between 1999 and 2010 the overall number of Midwestern milkweed plants had declined by 58 percent. Brower and his colleagues had reported that within that time span, overwintering monarch populations had fallen steeply. In fact, during the winter of 2009-2010 the occupied area of Mexican forest decreased to less than half of what it had been the previous year and dipped below two hectares for the first time since record keeping began in the early 1990s. The link between the two trends seemed inescapable, and it pushed Pleasants and Oberhauser to publish their landmark 2012 paper arguing that Midwestern milkweed loss was killing the monarch. Oberhauser called it a “smoking gun.” While at the time much of the blame for these actions were put on Anne, they are now considered to be the actions of her megalomaniacal husband and his desperation to have a male heir. Regicide is the purposeful killing of a monarch or sovereign of a polity and is often associated with the usurpation of power. A regicide can also be the person responsible for the killing. The word comes from the Latin roots of regis and cida ( cidium), meaning "of monarch" and "killer" respectively. John grew tired of his treachery and finally arrested him in 1356, only for Charles to be broken out in 1357. When John II agreed to a peace treaty with the English, Charles II freed all the prisoners in Paris. With the city on the verge of revolution, Charles U-turned and took the opportunity to lead the aristocracy at the Battle of Mello and the subsequent massacre of the rebels.

Interesting Clues

If the paper had been about any other insect, only a handful of specialist scientists might have taken note. But the monarch butterfly has a special place in the hearts of people in three North American nations. The insect’s bright-orange color and large size, the gentle loops of its flight and, most of all, its spectacular migration have made the monarch a much loved celebrity. Kurt Russell is perhaps the best thing about the entire show. The actor is so breezy, so charming, that he lights up the screen whenever he appears. His son does well too, but it’s the older Russell who holds our attention … This may be a streaming TV series, but Russell is an old-school movie star, and that lends “Monarch” some much-needed juice. Saunders, S. P.; Ries, L.; Oberhauser, K. S.; Thogmartin, W. E. & Zipkin, E. F. (2018). "Local and cross‐seasonal associations of climate and land use with abundance of monarch butterflies Danaus plexippus". Ecography. 41 (2): 278-290.

This naturally-occurring bacteria is used in powders and sprays to protect food crops. It has become a widely used pest management tool to control the spread of gypsy moth caterpillars in spring, with all other caterpillars (including monarchs) becoming collateral damage.

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Both of these events can be disturbing and disappointing, but here’s how you can largely avoid them: The word regicide seems to have come into popular use among continental Catholics when Pope Sixtus V renewed the papal bull of excommunication against the "crowned regicide" Queen Elizabeth I, [4] for—among other things—executing Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1587, although she had abdicated the Scottish crown some 20 years earlier. [5] Elizabeth had originally been excommunicated by Pope Pius V, in Regnans in Excelsis, for converting England to Protestantism after the reign of Mary I of England.

Henry VIII of England was consumed with the need to produce a male heir to his throne. With his first wife past the age to do this he began looking for a way to annul his first marriage and remarry a younger, more fertile woman. Enter Anne Boleyn. In their efforts to make Anne the Queen, England was changed forever. a b c d Bagge, Sverre (2019). "The Decline of Regicide and the Rise of European Monarchy from the Carolingians to the Early Modern Period". Frühmittelalterliche Studien (in German). 53 (1): 151–189. doi: 10.1515/fmst-2019-005. ISSN 1613-0812. S2CID 203606658. The Mikado by W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan". gsarchive.net. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017 . Retrieved 29 April 2018. But she still believes milkweed loss is the deepest cut. “I know Andy and Anurag really well. I like both of them a lot,” Oberhauser says. “But I’m sort of tired of this argument” that something other than wipeout of milkweed plants is primarily responsible for the decimation of winter numbers. How could something capable of taking out so many monarchs in transit to Mexico remain hidden, she asks? Only milkweed availability and weather changes strongly affect monarch numbers, according to a computer model she and some colleagues used in a 2017 study.Oberhauser is a strong proponent of citizen science, environmental and scientific literacy. She is a member of the Editorial Board for Citizen Science: Theory and Practice. [8] The Parliamentary Archives in the Palace of Westminster, London, holds the original death warrant for Charles I. The opportunist and social-climbing Francis Dereham had not continued sexual relations with Catherine Howard while she was Queen in his role at court as Gentleman Usher of the Queen’s Chamber. However it was his confession under torture that she was having relations with his rival, Thomas Culpepper, that led to both young men being arrested and sentenced to death. Tom Lewis, who worked on the 1981 case, said police were eager to keep the troubled man out of the spotlight during the second tour and downplay how close he had come to the Queen on her earlier visit. Using a script or add-on that scans GameFAQs for box and screen images (such as an emulator front-end), while overloading our search engine