Ravensden Soft Toy Orangutan Sitting 28cm

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Primatologist Carel P. van Schaik and biological anthropologist Cheryl D. Knott further investigated tool use in different wild orangutan populations. They compared geographic variations in tool use related to the processing of Neesia fruit. The orangutans of Suaq Balimbing were found to be avid users of insect and seed-extraction tools when compared to other wild orangutans. [93] [94] The scientists suggested these differences are cultural as they do not correlate with habitat. The orangutans at Suaq Balimbing are closely spaced and relatively tolerant of each other; this creates favourable conditions for the spreading of new behaviours. [93] Further evidence that highly social orangutans are more likely to exhibit cultural behaviours came from a study of leaf-carrying behaviours of formerly captive orangutans that were being rehabilitated on the island of Kaja in Borneo. [95]

a b Munn, C.; Fernandez, M. (1997). "Infant development". In Sodaro, Carol (ed.). Orangutan Species Survival Plan Husbandry Manual. Chicago Zoological Park. pp.59–66. OCLC 40349739. The risk of extinction for the critically endangered Bornean orangutan is very high. Their population levels have dropped more than 50 percent over the past 60 years, and their habitat has declined by over 80 percent in the past 20 years. The total population of wild Bornean orangutans is estimated to be approximately 70,000-100,000 individuals. On Sumatra, the orangutan population is approximately 13,800 individuals. The Tapanuli orangutan populations is approximately 800 individuals. a b c d Nater, A.; Mattle-Greminger, M. P.; Nurcahyo, A.; Nowak, M. G.; etal. (2 November 2017). "Morphometric, Behavioral, and Genomic Evidence for a New Orangutan Species". Current Biology. 27 (22): 3487–3498.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047. PMID 29103940.For example, on June 18th, 2020, a now-deleted Redditor uploaded an image macro referencing the Nintendo Switch to /r/dankmemes [7] garnering over 30,900 upvotes in eight months (shown below, left). Cannon, Garland (1992). "Malay(sian) borrowings in English". American Speech. 67 (2): 134–62. doi: 10.2307/455451. JSTOR 455451.

Giménez, Emiliano (23 December 2014). "Argentine orangutan granted unprecedented legal rights". CNN. Archived from the original on 3 April 2021 . Retrieved 15 June 2020.Orangutan". Alpha Dictionary. Archived from the original on 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2006. Harper, Douglas. "Orangutan". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012 . Retrieved 4 May 2012. Flanged males (males with flanges, also known as cheek pads) use long calls to attract females and to discourage the approach of other males. Throat sacs add resonance to long calls, which are specific to individual males. Orangutans of all ages and sexes give kiss squeak vocalizations, engage in branch-shaking displays and sometimes even uproot dead trees when confronted by unknown individuals or when they are not habituated to the presence of human observers. In zoos, displays consist of throwing around tubs and other objects.

The oldest known record of Pongo is from the Early Pleistocene of Chongzuo, consisting of teeth ascribed to extinct species P. weidenreichi. [29] [30] Pongo is found as part of the faunal complex in the Pleistocene cave assemblage in Vietnam, alongside Giganopithecus, though it is known only from teeth. Some fossils described under the name P.hooijeri have been found in Vietnam, and multiple fossil subspecies have been described from several parts of southeastern Asia. It is unclear if these belong to P.pygmaeus or P.abelii or, in fact, represent distinct species. [31] During the Pleistocene, Pongo had a far more extensive range than at present, extending throughout Sundaland and mainland Southeast Asia and South China. Teeth of orangutans are known from Peninsular Malaysia that date to 60,000 years ago. [32] The youngest remains from South China, which are teeth assigned to P. weidenreichi, date to between 66 and 57,000 years ago. [33] The range of orangutans had contracted significantly by the end of the Pleistocene, most likely because of the reduction of forest habitat during the Last Glacial Maximum.Though they may have survived into the Holocene in Cambodia and Vietnam. [29] [32] Characteristics Adult male (left) and female Tapanuli orangutans a b van Schaik, Carel P.; Knott, Cheryl D. (2001). "Geographic variation in tool use onNeesia fruits in orangutans". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 114 (4): 331–342. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1045. PMID 11275962.a b c Singh, Ranjeet (26 January 2011). "Orang-utans join the genome gang". Nature. doi: 10.1038/news.2011.50. Archived from the original on 27 January 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2011. Galdikas, B. M. F. (1984). "Adult female sociality among wild orangutans at Tanjung Puting Reserve". In Small, M. F. (ed.). Female Primates: Studies by Women Primatologists. Alan R. Liss. pp.217–35. ISBN 978-0845134030. Mulcahy, N. J. (2018). "An Orangutan Hangs Up a Tool for Future Use". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 1–6. Bibcode: 2018NatSR...812900M. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31331-7. PMC 6110832. PMID 30150738. Orangutans live in primary and secondary tropical forests located in Southeast Asia. Typically found in Malaysia and Indonesia, these long-armed, orange-haired mammals have characteristics that are very similar to humans. Living in rich and deep forests, they prefer flooded plains or river valley forests as they provide rich land for foraging their nutrients like wild fruits such as lychees and figs. Orangutans sleep and live in the trees. They build nests on top of the treetops, much like little forts that can be thrown together in minutes. These animals enjoy a warm climate, with temperatures ranging from 18 to 38 degrees Celsius. The warm and humid rainforest climate creates a perfect environment for the orangutans to play amongst the trees, grab fruit and enjoy their relaxed lifestyle. Characteristics And Diet An orangutan feeding on a banana.

Orangutans are primarily fruit-eaters, which can take up 57–80% of their foraging time. Even during times of scarcity, fruit is 16% of their feeding time. Fruits with soft pulp, arils or seed-walls are consumed the most, particularly figs but also drupes and berries. [23] :65 Orangutans are thought to be the sole fruit disperser for some plant species including the vine species Strychnos ignatii which contains the toxic alkaloid strychnine. [49] Main article: Orangutans in popular culture 1870 illustration for " The Murders in the Rue Morgue" by Daniel Vierge Russon, A. E.; Compost, A.; Kuncoro, P.; Ferisa, A. (2014). "Orangutan Fish Eating, Primate Aquatic Fauna Eating, and Their Implications for the Origins of Ancestral Hominin Fish Eating". Journal of Human Evolution. 77: 50–63. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.007. PMID 25038033. Scott, A. M.; Knott, C. D.; Susanto, T. W. (2019). "Are Male Orangutans a Threat to Infants? Evidence of Mother–Offspring Counterstrategies to Infanticide in Bornean Orangutans ( Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii)". International Journal of Primatology. 44 (3): 435–55. doi: 10.1007/s10764-019-00097-8. hdl: 2144/39274. S2CID 198190605.Another significant threat to orangutan survival is hunting for meat and capture of wild orangutans for sale into the pet trade. This practice is closely tied to what is called swidden agriculture: as locals burn fires to clear forested areas, orangutans within those areas flee from the conflagration and are captured for meat or sale. Aiello, L.; Dean, C. (1990). An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy. Academic Press. p.193. ISBN 0-12-045590-0. a b c d e f Rijksen H. D.; Meijaard, E. (1999). Our vanishing relative: the status of wild orang-utans at the close of the twentieth century. Springer. ISBN 978-0792357551.