Janeway's Immunobiology

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NK cells possess receptors for self molecules that inhibit their activation against uninfected host cells Systemic disease caused by immune complex formation can follow the administration of large quantities of poorly catabolized antigens The DNA sequence encoding a complete V region is generated by the somatic recombination of separate gene segments Genetic factors contribute to the development of IgE-mediated allergy, but environmental factors may also be important We are continually exposed to microorganisms, many of which cause disease, and yet become ill only rarely.

Susceptibility to autoimmune disease is controlled by environmental and genetic factors, especially MHC genes Downstream events are mediated by proteins that associate with the phosphorylated tyrosines and bind to and activate other proteins

Allergy can be treated by inhibiting either IgE production or the effector pathways activated by cross-linking of cell-surface IgE Kenneth Murphy is the Eugene Opie First Centennial Professor of Pathology and Immunology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. He received his MD/PhD degree from The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. A specific response against infection by potential pathogens, such as the of antibodies against a particular pathogen, is known as adaptive immunity because it develops during the lifetime of an individual as an adaptation to infection with that pathogen.

Memory T cells are increased in frequency and have distinct activation requirements and cell-surface proteins that distinguish them from armed effector T cells That these antibodies might have a crucial role in immunity was reinforced by Jules Bordet’s discovery in 1899 of complement, a component of serum that acts in conjunction with antibodies to destroy pathogenic bacteria. Only thymocytes whose receptors can interact with self MHC:self peptide complexes can survive and mature

Contents

Malignant lymphocyte tumors frequently carry chromosomal translocations that join immunoglobulin loci to genes regulating cell growth Many genes that operate in fruit fly immunity also operate in humans and plants and appear to be universal components of host defense Complement control proteins regulate all three pathways of complement activation and protect the host from its destructive effects Both specific ligand and co-stimulatory signals provided by an antigen-presenting cell are required for the clonal expansion of naive T cells Lymphocytes activated by antigen give rise to clones of antigen-specific cells that mediate adaptive immunity

Activation of specialized antigen-presenting cells is a necessary first step for induction of adaptive immunity Intracellular signaling components recruited to activated receptors transmit the signal onward from the membrane and amplify it

Excerpt

Activated T cells synthesize the T-cell growth factor interleukin-2 and its receptor. & 8-10 The co-stimulatory signal is necessary for the synthesis and secretion of IL-2 Two major types of T cell recognize peptides bound to proteins of two different classes of MHC molecule The second phase of the primary B-cell immune response occurs when activated B cells migrate to follicles and proliferate to form germinal centers This chapter introduces the principles of innate and adaptive immunity, the cells of the immune system, the tissues in which they develop, and the tissues through which they circulate. Future studies of autoimmunity and graft rejection should allow control of immune responses to one's own body or to a piece borrowed from someone else

Lymphocyte migration, activation, and effector function depend on cell-cell interactions mediated by cell-adhesion molecules Protective immunity can be induced by injecting DNA encoding microbial antigens and human cytokines into muscle The target of T cell-mediated autoimmunity is difficult to identify owing to the nature of T-cell ligands Antibodies against cell-surface molecules have been used to remove specific lymphocyte subsets or to inhibit cell function The peripheral lymphoid organs are specialized to trap antigen, to allow the initiation of adaptive immune responses, and to provide signals that sustain recirculating lymphocytesThe two classes of MHC molecule have distinct subunit structures but similar three-dimensional structures