Proširena bolest, odnosno melanom koji je dao udaljene metastaze, može se liječiti i radioterapijom, ciljanom terapijom, kemoterapijom te imunološkom terapijom . Radioterapija (zračenje) se koristi za liječenje melanoma u situacijama kada nije moguće kirurško liječenje, zatim za liječenje tzv. satelitskih metastaza (metastaza u krugu od 2 cm od primarnog tumora) te za liječenje nekih udaljenih metastaza (primjerice u kostima ili na mozgu). Ciljana terapija melanoma A number of rare mutations, which often run in families, greatly increase melanoma susceptibility. [33] Several genes increase risks. Some rare genes have a relatively high risk of causing melanoma; some more common genes, such as a gene called MC1R that causes red hair, have a relatively lower elevated risk. Genetic testing can be used to search for the mutations. [ citation needed]

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The host elicits an immunological reaction against the tumor during the VGP, [43] which is judged by the presence and activity of the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). These cells sometimes completely destroy the primary tumor; this is called regression, which is the latest stage of development. In certain cases, the primary tumor is completely destroyed and only the metastatic tumor is discovered. About 40% of human melanomas contain activating mutations affecting the structure of the B-Raf protein, resulting in constitutive signaling through the Raf to MAP kinase pathway. [44] A cancer vaccine showed modest benefit in late-stage testing in 2009 against melanoma. [173] [174] BRAF inhibitors [ edit ]Some histopathological types of melanoma are inherently invasive, including nodular melanoma and lentigo maligna melanoma, where the in situ counterpart to lentigo maligna melanoma is lentigo maligna. [85] Lentigo maligna is sometimes classified as a very early melanoma, [86] and sometimes a precursor to melanoma. [87] The risk of melanoma increases as people age. The average age of people when the disease is diagnosed is 63. [157] History [ edit ] Dodatno se rade i krvne pretrage te po potrebi i radiološke metode poput rentgena pluća, ultrazvuka limfnih čvorova i abdomena, kompjuterizirane tomografije (CT-a), PET-CT-a te magnetske rezonance. Ovisno o nalazima svih navedenih dijagnostičkih pretraga, melanom se kategorizira prema TNM klasifikaciji pri čemu T predstavlja veličinu tumora, N prisutnost metastaza u limfnim čvorovima, a M prisutnost udaljenih metastaza. Postoje i druge klasifikacije poput one po Clarku prema dubini invazije tumora u kožu te histološke klasifikacije po Breslowu prema debljini tumora. Ovisno o kategoriji melanoma, ali i nekim drugim prognostičkim čimbenicima poput životne dobi i općeg zdravstvenog stanja, odlučuje se o terapijskom pristupu. Melanoma Global Coalition. For a second year, Melanoma UK is proudly supporting the 2020 global public awareness campaign in the fight against melanoma. prisutnost većeg broja madeža na koži. Iako prisutnost velikog broja madeža na koži nužno ne znači da će se razviti melanom, takve su osobe ipak pod povećanim rizikom od njegove pojave. Obično se kao granica uzima broj od sto madeža – one osobe koje imaju više od sto madeža na koži pod povećanim su rizikom, iako neki stručnjaci smatraju da taj broj može biti i manji (50-100). Takve osobe moraju biti osobito oprezne prilikom izlaganja suncu i redovito, barem jednom godišnje raditi pregled čitave kože i svih postojećih madeža. Posebno se trebaju pratiti atipični madeži ili tzv. displastični nevusi koji su obično veći od 6 mm i nepravilnih rubova.

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Guy GP Jr., et al. (2015). Recent changes in the prevalence of and factors associated with frequency of indoor tanning among US adults. DOI: The most frequent mutation occurs in the 600th codon of BRAF (50% of cases). BRAF is normally involved in cell growth, and this specific mutation renders the protein constitutively active and independent of normal physiological regulation, thus fostering tumor growth. [61] RAS genes ( NRAS, HRAS and KRAS) are also recurrently mutated (30% of TCGA cases) and mutations in the 61st or 12th codons trigger oncogenic activity. Loss-of-function mutations often affect tumor suppressor genes such as NF1, TP53 and CDKN2A. Other oncogenic alterations include fusions involving various kinases such as BRAF, [62] RAF1, [63] ALK, RET, ROS1, NTRK1., [64] NTRK3 [65] and MET [66] BRAF, RAS, and NF1 mutations and kinase fusions are remarkably mutually exclusive, as they occur in different subsets of patients. Assessment of mutation status can, therefore, improve patient stratification and inform targeted therapy with specific inhibitors. [ citation needed]At times, a person can have too little melanin in the skin. This results in the skin becoming lighter. Healthcare professionals may refer to this as hypopigmentation. Važan preduvjet uspješnog liječenja melanoma je pravovremena dijagnoza. Dijagnostika melanoma obuhvaća nekoliko kategorija i uvijek započinje anamnezom i detaljnim kliničkim pregledom . U anamnezi je važno saznati podatke o eventualnoj pojavnosti melanoma u obitelji, dotadašnjim i trenutnim bolestima pacijenta, navikama izloženosti ultraljubičastom zračenju, lijekovima koje uzima itd. Također je važno ispitati sve o promjenama sumnjivog madeža koje je pacijent kroz vrijeme uočio te općim simptomima i subjektivnim smetnjama koje ima.

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A 2019 case study describes a man who experienced acute priapism after injecting himself with melanotan. Priapism is a prolonged and painful erection caused by excessive blood flow. The man was admitted to the hospital but didn’t require surgery. At a 4-week follow-up, he still hadn’t recovered erectile function. Skin cancer UV radiation causes damage to the DNA of cells, typically thymine dimerization, which when unrepaired can create mutations in the cell's genes. This strong mutagenic factor makes cutaneous melanoma the tumor type with the highest number of mutations. [53] When the cell divides, these mutations are propagated to new generations of cells. If the mutations occur in protooncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, the rate of mitosis in the mutation-bearing cells can become uncontrolled, leading to the formation of a tumor. Data from patients suggest that aberrant levels of activating transcription factor in the nucleus of melanoma cells are associated with increased metastatic activity of melanoma cells; [54] [55] [56] studies from mice on skin cancer tend to confirm a role for activating transcription factor-2 in cancer progression. [57] [58] Pregledavajte svoju kožu temeljito barem jednom mjesečno, a jednom godišnje posjetite dermatologa. Pripazite na bilo kakve novonastale pigmentirane promjene, osobito ako su neobičnog izgleda i boje ili ako se mijenjaju s vremenom. Također, pripazite i na promjene već postojećih madeža. U slučaju da uočite bilo što sumnjivo, odmah se javite liječniku. Ako vam dermatolog na pregledu napomene da je neke madeže potrebno pratiti, pratite njegova uputstva i redovito kontrolirajte takve promjene. I naravno, ne zaboravite na tjelesnu aktivnost, pravilnu i raznovrsnu prehranu te izbjegavanje štetnih čimbenika poput pušenja i alkohola, kako biste održavali svoj imunološki sustav jakim i učinkovitim u borbi protiv bolesti. Tanning injections come in two forms: melanotan I and melanotan II. Both types of injections work by replicating alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in your body. This hormone binds to melanocortin receptors and stimulates the production of the pigment melanin in your skin cells. The more melanin your skin cells produce, the darker your skin appears. Two or 3 tumor‐involved nodes or any number of in‐transit, satellite, and/or microsatellite metastases with one tumor‐involved nodeThe ABCDE Rule of skin cancer is an easy-to-remember system for determining whether a mole or growth may be cancerous. Superficial spreading melanomas and acral lentiginous melanomas can be either in situ or invasive, [88] but acral lentiginous melanomas are almost always invasive. [89] Staging [ edit ]

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oslabljeni imunološki sustav. Osobe koje imaju oslabljeni imunološki sustav kao posljedicu liječenja kemoterapijom, određenim sistemnim lijekovima koji slabe imunološki sustav (primjerice velikim dozama kortikosteroida) ili imaju bolest koja suprimira njihov imunitet kao što je HIV infekcija, pod povećanim su rizikom od razvoja melanoma. When the tumor cells start to move in a different direction – vertically up into the epidermis and into the papillary dermis – cell behaviour changes dramatically. [42]E (od eng. evolving ; razvoj) – mijenja li se kožna promjena s vremenom? Bilo kakva promjena u veličini, debljini, konzistenciji, obliku i/ili boji madeža može upućivati na njegovu potencijalnu zloćudnu narav. Dodatne promjene poput svrbeža, osjetljivosti, krvarenja ili stvaranja kraste također predstavljaju upozoravajuće znakove.